Detection of Aflatoxins M1 Contamination in Fresh Milk Sold at Different Outlets in Lahore, Pakistan

Abstract

The aflatoxin study was conducted to detect aflatoxin M1 in a variety of milk samples obtained from various milk shops in Lahore, Pakistan. A total of 190 samples were collected from different zones of Lahore. All samples were processed through ELISA to detect aflatoxins. A questionnaire containing 14 open-ended questions, and 27 closed-ended questions was designed. The data was analyzed using the chi-square method with mean ± standard deviation (SD) to identify the association between risk factors and positive results for aflatoxin M1 concentrations in the fresh milk samples. The level of significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. All milk samples were found to be positive for aflatoxins. About 90% of the samples were found to exceed the permissible limit of 50 ng/kg for aflatoxins. Using the questionnaire, an association between risk factors such as education, preventive measures in milk collection, cleaning areas, disinfection, commercial feed, toxin binders, and different seasons was evaluated. The results were non-significant for all factors except the use of toxin binders. It was observed that the use of toxin binders can reduce the aflatoxin levels in milk. It is concluded that all milk samples contain significant amounts of aflatoxins in Lahore, Pakistan. There is a strong need to establish strict rules and regulations to control the levels of aflatoxin B1 in animal feed. Milk producers, the dairy industry, and milk shop owners must be aware of the health risks and preventive measures associated with aflatoxins.