Open Access Public Health and Health Administration Review

Harnessing the IoTs for Transformative Public Health Service Delivery: Opportunities and Implementation Challenges

Ghulam Muhammad Kundi — 2025-10-23

The rapid evolution of digital health technologies has positioned the Internet of Things (IoT) as a potentially disruptive force in public health and health administration. As networks of interconnected devices capable of collecting, transmitting, and analyzing health data without human intervention, IoT systems offer unprecedented opportunities to reimagine health service delivery . Despite this potential, the integration of IoT into mainstream public health practice remains limited by significant implementation barriers that demand coordinated solutions. This editorial examines the current landscape of IoT applications in public health, synthesizes evidence of their effectiveness, and identifies critical success factors for realizing IoT's transformative potential in health administration.

The Expanding Role of Pharmacists in Antimicrobial Stewardship: Strategies to Combat Antibiotic Resistance in Healthcare Systems

Abid Khan — 2025-10-27

The study examined the expanding role of pharmacists in antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) and their contribution to combating antibiotic resistance within healthcare systems. The primary aim was to evaluate how pharmacists’ interventions in antibiotic prescribing, monitoring, and education impacted antimicrobial resistance patterns and patient outcomes. The study began with a review of contemporary AMS models emphasizing interdisciplinary collaboration and pharmacist-led interventions. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected from multiple hospital settings where pharmacists actively participated in stewardship programs. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis to determine the effectiveness of pharmacist-led AMS initiatives. The results demonstrated that pharmacists significantly improved antibiotic optimization, reduced inappropriate prescriptions, and enhanced clinical outcomes through regular audits, feedback, and prescriber education. Findings revealed a 25% improvement in adherence to antibiotic guidelines and a notable decline in broad-spectrum antibiotic use. Furthermore, pharmacists contributed to cost reductions and better infection control practices. The study concluded that integrating pharmacists into AMS teams was essential for sustainable antibiotic management and the reduction of antimicrobial resistance. Future research should investigate the integration of digital technologies such as artificial intelligence and telepharmacy to support pharmacist-led AMS programs and explore global strategies to standardize training and policy frameworks for pharmacist participation in AMS.

Assessment of the Micronucleus Assay and Analysis of Fish RBCs Exposed to Pyridaben in Hypophthalmichthys Molitrix and Labeo Rohita: A Public Health Concern

Shahid Rauf — 2025-10-23

The present study was conducted to examine how exposure to pyributicarb affects the shape of red blood cells (RBCs) and the production of micronuclei in two commercially significant fish species: Labeo rohita (Rohu) and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (silver carp). Pyribaden is a chemical that is commonly used in agriculture and has been linked to several harmful impacts on aquatic life. In the present study, 33 specimens were taken and exposed to Pyribaden. Blood then blood sample were taken and a micro assay on them. The results show that micronuclei were formed, and production was increased by increasing the chemical concentration. These results point to the possibility of genotoxic and hematotoxic effects of pyridabin on fish, underscoring the need for more investigation to clarify its modes of action and any possible ecological ramifications. To evaluate pyridabin overall toxicity and implement practical mitigation techniques to protect aquatic ecosystems, it is imperative to understand the effects of pyrabaden on fish red blood cells. We need to act regarding the control of pesticides, such as pyridabin and others like it, to control aquatic pollution.

A Study on the Prevalence, Health, and Diversity of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Birds (Captive and Domestic) in Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan

Sohail Azam — 2025-10-23

To create baseline data for regional avian health management, this study examined the variety and incidence of gastrointestinal (GI) parasites in domestic and captive birds in Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan. Using flotation, sedimentation, and direct wet mount methods, 800 fecal samples from 40 bird species (20 domestic and 20 captive/wild) were gathered and analyzed. 349 of these samples had positive endoparasitic infection tests, resulting in a 43.6% overall prevalence rate. Nematodes accounted for 46% of the identified parasites, followed by cestodes (24%), protozoa (20%), and trematodes (10%). Of the positive cases, 49.6% had mixed infections. The infection incidence was substantially greater in domestic birds (53.8%) than in confined birds (38.1%) (P<0.05), which reflected exposure variations associated with management, such as environmental contamination and free-ranging behavior. Ascaridia galli, Heterakis gallinarum, Capillaria species, Eimeria species, and Raillietina species were the most common parasites. With consequences for both production and zoonotic risk, the results show that gastrointestinal parasitism is a significant health barrier for the local avian species, especially domestic chicken. It is strongly advised to implement integrated parasite management methods that prioritize better biosecurity, cleanliness, and the strategic use of anthelmintics.

Tetanus Toxoid Vaccination Coverage and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women: A Healthcare Study in the Developing Countries

Dr. Inayat Ullah Khan Minakhel — 2025-10-29

Neonatal Tetanus (NNT) is an acute disease that initially has a loss of ability to suck, followed by generalized stiffness and painful muscle spasms, where maternal tetanus is defined as tetanus during pregnancy, where maternal and neonatal tetanus (MNT) are an important cause of maternal and neonatal mortality. This study intends to assess possible reasons that might account for the low immunization coverage of tetanus toxoid vaccine among pregnant women in district Jaffar Abad, Baluchistan. A cross-section study was conducted District Jaffar Abad, Baluchistan. Sample included 372 pregnant women of age group 15 to 49 years and women with children under 12 months. Nonprobability sampling was used. The data was entered into SPSS 16. Among the total respondents, 21.8% were completely immunized against tetanus Toxoid (TT) and have taken more than 2 TT injections during pregnancy. Among demographic characteristics it was found that age remained significantly associated with the completed TT vaccination status (p<0.05). Females having more than 20,000 Rs per month household income have better TT vaccination status (p<0.05). Females in joint family system have better vaccination status (p<0.05), Educated and working female got better TT vaccination status (p<0.05). Awareness about tetanus infection among females remained significantly associated with the complete TT immunization status (p<0.05) and… It was concluded that the TT vaccination coverage was below the WHO recommendations. The study recommended that stakeholders design and implement appropriate and relevant immunization programs to improve TT vaccination in the study area through routine educational campaign on TT vaccinations as well as on antenatal.

Optimization and Comparative Analysis of Phenol-Chloroform vs Salting-Out DNA Extraction Methods from Human Blood and Saliva Tissues: Assessing Yield, Purity, and Suitability for Downstream Molecular Applications

Sabahat Iqbal — 2025-11-03

High quality DNA extraction is fundamental for molecular diagnostics, biomedical research, and forensic sciences. Among biological sources, blood provides high yields, whereas saliva offers a non-invasive alternative. Classical methods such as phenol-chloroform and salting-out remain widely used, but their comparative performance requires further evaluation. This comparative laboratory study analyzed 60 human samples (blood and saliva) using phenol-chloroform and salting-out extraction protocols. DNA yield and purity were assessed with Nanodrop spectrophotometry, and results were compared across sample types and methods. Phenol-chloroform yielded significantly higher DNA concentrations and superior purity than salting-out. From blood, the mean yield was ~308 ng/µL with A260/A280 ~1.89 using phenol-chloroform, compared with ~18 ng/µL (A260/A280 ~1.82) using salting-out. From saliva, phenol-chloroform produced ~64 ng/µL (A260/A280 ~1.87) versus ~38 ng/µL (A260/A280 ~1.75) with salting-out. Blood was the most reliable DNA source, but saliva provided adequate DNA quality for PCR-based and genotyping applications. Phenol-chloroform extraction remains the superior method for obtaining high-yield, high-purity DNA, particularly from blood. However, due to biosafety risks associated with organic solvents, the salting-out method offers a safer and low-cost alternative suitable for routine diagnostics and use in resource-limited settings.

Exploring the E-learning Habits among the Students: A Cross-sectional study of Healthcare Systems in India

Dr. Syed Arif Pasha — 2025-11-15

During the COVID-19 period, there is a huge disturbance in all fields, including Medical, dental, allied sciences, and economic disruption throughout the world in India. To overcome the academic loss, the Government of India has taken great initiative towards the conduct of online classes and practical to streamline the academic year. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 medical students and involved 3 medical colleges, and distributed questionnaires through Google Forms. Data was entered and analyzed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Oral informed consent and confidentiality of the personal identity were maintained. About 47% of the study group were under 21-23 years of age, and females were 76%. Nearly 1/3rd (32%) of the study population mentioned interaction during the class, and about 75% were revealed as educational domains compromised during the COVID-19 period. Overall satisfaction with online classes as “poor” was 27% and the mean overall satisfaction and standard deviation was 2.4 ± 1.17. There was a statistically significant association observed with different online first-class scorers (30%), with offline first-class (45%) scorers (P<0.05). Based on the study results, overall satisfaction with online classes was poor, and less interaction during the classes was observed. Online classes initiation is a time-sensitive approach and will be utilized in a proper way; responsibility lies in multiple ways from the students, faculty, resources from both sides, and management support.

Artificial Intelligence-Enhanced Molecular Detection and Genetic Characterization of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing E. coli from Companion Animals in Animal Healthcare

Safi Ullah — 2025-11-15

The escalating prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in companion animals poses a critical One Health challenge with significant zoonotic implications. This review highlights the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in the molecular detection and genetic characterization of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC) from pets. Companion animals, especially dogs and cats, serve as reservoirs for multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms, facilitating cross-species transmission. The global dominance of bla-CTX-M variants particularly bla-CTX-M-15, bla-CTX-M-1, and bla-CTX-M-14 and high-risk clones such as ST131, ST405, and ST73 underscores the zoonotic potential of ESBL-EC. Conventional diagnostic approaches are limited by high costs and slow turnaround times, whereas AI-enhanced methods offer rapid, precise, and automated alternatives. Machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) algorithms demonstrate superior accuracy up to 99.7% for droplet digital PCR (dPCR) image classification and over 95% for resistance gene prediction using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data. AI-driven frameworks integrate genomic, clinical, and epidemiological data, enabling real-time prediction of resistance evolution and zoonotic transmission. The synthesis of studies (2020-2025) indicates regional variation in ESBL-EC prevalence (11.2-25%), dominated by bla-CTX-M-15 in Asia and bla-CTX-M-1 in Europe. Despite challenges in data quality, model interpretability, and laboratory implementation, AI-integrated molecular diagnostics promise to revolutionize antimicrobial surveillance, offering transformative potential for early detection and precision monitoring of AMR at the human animal interface.

Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Maize Silk Extract: Public Health Perspective Investigations

Javeria Muzaffar — 2025-11-15

Plants and herbs are a natural reservoir of chemotherapeutic chemicals that can be used to prevent or treat a variety of ailments. Corn silk is used to treat disorders caused by a variety of harmful microorganisms. This work aimed to find certain therapeutic qualities of corn silk and examine its antibacterial activities in ethanol, methanol, acetone, benzene, and chloroform extracts. Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella, and Escherichia coli were the pathogens that were tested against corn silk in this investigation. Phytochemicals such as phenols, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, resins, phlobatannins, anthraquinones, reducing sugar, and saponins were studied qualitatively using various methods. Corn silk is used medicinally against some diseases caused by various pathogenic bacteria. Between 2 and 20 mm was the corn silk's zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. The agar well diffusion technique was used to quantify these zones of maize silk extracts. According to the current study, acetone extract of corn silk exhibited the least amount of antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis, whereas methanol and ethanol extracts had superior antibacterial activity potential. The chemical approach was also used to identify phytochemicals in corn silk, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, phlobatannins, glycosides, and tannins.