An Assessment of the Provision of Basic Needs as a Determinant of Migration from Rural to Urban Areas

Hasnain Raza — 2025-04-14

In the post-modern society, urbanization has become a very crucial phenomenon. The research primarily focuses to find out the basic reasons and causes of migration. The research defines that basic needs of life and two major pull and push factor become the causes of rural to urban migration. The study is explanatory in nature, and it used quantitative research principles. The universe for research was Tehsil Taunsa Sharif District Dera Ghazi Khan. A carefully prepared questionnaire survey was conducted in the study area. Direct observation and interview were conducted in the study area. SPSS was used to analyze the data. The major findings of research reveal that migration from one place to another place is due to for education, health, water supply, sanitation, and employment and business facilities in urban areas. It concluded that if these facilities are provided in rural areas people will not migrate in urban areas. The study was conducted in one district only; however, it suggests that in future, researchers may conduct study on such topic with same variables in different regions of the Punjab province. However, the study is an addition to the theory and offers some practical implications and suggestions to the government functionaries.

An Explorative Study of Pattern of Birth and Death of Kelashi People

Shahid Khan — 2025-04-15

The current study was conducted on with the aim to explore the pattern of birth and death of Kelashi people. The study was undertaken under mix-method approach. The sample population was Kelashi from three major strata namely Bumboret, Rumbor, Birir randomly. The total 90 number of sample respondents were specified including 45 male and 45 female. The field data show that likewise other socio-culture and religious uniqueness they also celebrate the birth and death of their family members. Both birth and death are celebrated with local folkway songs for many days. Almost all the sample population strongly agreed with statement of death celebration in such a way that dead body are brought to a communal hall, where their family members, relative and all community come to gather. The people arrange different types of dishes, animals meet and local food items for all participants. The people remember the good deeds of the dead person (man or women). They make fire, dances and celebrate the occasion with other music additionally. After, the dead body are buried with a numbers of materials like money, smoking and drinking item and other expensive things. The study found that the culture facing challenges of disappearing and due to greater diffusion of Chitrali and other Muslim cultures, their unique way of life constantly decreasing and mixing with Muslim culture of the region. The patterns of birth and death among the Kelashi people reflect a convergence of cultural traditions, socio-economic challenges, and environmental factors. While there have been improvements in awareness and healthcare access, the community still faces significant challenges. Future studies should continue to explore these patterns in depth, considering the impact of climate change and socio-economic development on the health outcomes of the Kelashi people.

Open Access Organization and Management Review

An Assessment of the Provision of Basic Needs as a Determinant of Migration from Rural to Urban Areas

An Explorative Study of Pattern of Birth and Death of Kelashi People